International Journal of Comic Art blog

Articles from and news about the premier and longest-running academic journal devoted to all aspects of cartooning and comics -- the International Journal of Comic Art (ISSN 1531-6793) published and edited by John Lent.

Tuesday, March 10, 2026

Review Essay: The Glamour of Ink, the Grind of Labor - on CJ Standal's Comics: The Call and the Cost

 Review Essay:

 

CJ Standal. Comics:  The Call and the Cost. CJ Standal Productions, 2026. 404 pp. US $6.99 (Ebook), ISBN:  979-8-9869-0507-5; 212 pp. US $49.99 (Hardcover), ISBN:  979-8-9869-0506-8. https://www.cjstandalproductions.com/ or https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/comics-the-call-and-the-cost-cj-standal/1148524250

 

 

The Glamour of Ink, the Grind of Labor

 

Fer García

 

Comics are usually sold to us as magic:  solitary geniuses drawing from the comfort of their homes, inventing worlds with nothing but paper, ink, and imagination. What Comics:  The Call and the Cost does, brilliantly and uncomfortably, is strip away that fantasy. This book insists on something the medium rarely talks about:  comics are not only art, they are labor. And like any labor, they come with struggle, exploitation, sacrifice, and negotiation.

I asked to review this book for two reasons. First, because my long-term work sits at the intersection of entrepreneurship and comics. Second, because there simply isn’t enough literature that treats the comics industry as an industry, with workers, power structures, and economic realities. This book doesn’t romanticize the grind. It exposes it.

 

Comics as a Paradox:  Art and Industrial Product

 

The opening chapter, “The Cost of Comics: A History of the Comic Book Labor Movement,” establishes the central paradox of the medium:  comics are art, but they are also mass-produced cultural commodities. From the very beginning, characters mattered more than creators. Intellectual property was more valuable than the people who generated it. Payments, copyrights, deadlines, and credit were structured around exploitation rather than sustainability.

What struck me most is how familiar this all feels. We tend to think of labor struggles as something that happened “back then,” but the dynamics described here are still alive today. We only know the famous name--Kirby, Davis, McFarlane, Mignola--and from the outside, it looks easy. You “just draw.” From home. For a living. But this chapter dismantles that fantasy. It shows that artists are not only artists. They are workers. And workers need rights, organization, and public recognition.

I was particularly drawn to the Image Comics story. Seven creators leaving a company to form a better one is not just a comics story--it’s a classic entrepreneurship story. Even more surprising was learning that Image became the first unionized comic book publisher in the U.S. The chapter doesn’t frame comics as a factory or a medieval guild. It frames it as what it really is:  a professional field still fighting to be treated like one.

The emotion here is double. Sadness for the struggles. And clarity about something essential:  if comics are professional work, then creators must demand professional conditions.

 

Marge Buell:  Strategy, Feminism, and Business Intelligence

 

The chapter on Marge Buell and Little Lulu is quietly radical. Buell wasn’t just a good cartoonist; she was a visionary. She understood transmedia reach before it had a name. She understood licensing. She understood control. And she understood that comics were not only expression, but business.

Little Lulu is feminist not because it preaches, but because it wants the same things other characters want, and because its creator wanted the same professional recognition other cartoonists had. Buell was strategic. She chose magazines over newspapers. She kept her copyright. She focused on licensing. And she built a career that gave her both creative and economic control.

What surprised me is that she didn’t “give up” as much as most creators had to. In fact, she protected her IP. She was able to do that, partly because she was not the sole breadwinner in her household--a reminder that even independence has structural conditions. The cost of comics here is gendered. Buell’s labor has been historically undervalued, simply because we didn’t know her story.

 

Oesterheld:  When Comics Become Dangerous

 

Héctor Oesterheld’s chapter changes the tone of the book completely. This is where “cost” stops being metaphorical. Oesterheld didn’t just lose money or visibility. He lost his life. And the lives of his daughters. And even his unborn grandchildren.

His crime was using science fiction comics to tell the truth under a dictatorship. This chapter reframes comics as historical testimony. Not entertainment. Not even just art. But resistance.

Oesterheld shows that authorship can be dangerous. That stories can be weapons. And that the price of taking sides can be everything. I won’t overemphasize martyrdom here. What matters is this:  he proved that comics can be as intense, serious, and morally charged as any literature. The glamour of ink here is paid for in blood.

 

Mazzucchelli:  Walking Away from “Making It”

 

David Mazzucchelli’s story is about a different kind of cost:  leaving success. He walked away from mainstream fame to follow his muse. He lost visibility. But, he gained relevance and freedom. And a good living on his own terms.

This chapter is a direct challenge to the fantasy of “making it” in comics. The mainstream audience often thinks success means working on famous superheroes and only drawing. No editors. No writers. No compromises. Just glory. Mazzucchelli destroys that myth.

Here, success is personal. Not financial. Not institutional. But internal. The grind doesn’t disappear when you go indie. It becomes more honest. Following your muse is still work. And if you expect exceptional results, your labor--not just your ideas--must be exceptional.

 

Jeff Smith and the Business of Dreaming

 

The Jeff Smith chapter is one of the most practical in the book. Bone didn’t succeed because of magic. It succeeded because of planning. Because Vijaya, Smith’s wife, demanded a business plan. Because Smith treated his dream like a company.

This is entrepreneurship in its purest form. Smith learned that the real customers were retailers. He looked beyond the direct market. He went to Disney magazines. To libraries. To Scholastic. He adapted. He changed his model. Even Kickstarter becomes part of the story.

The lesson here is brutal and beautiful:  vision without structure collapses. Community, partnership, and strategy are not romantic, but they are what allow art to survive.

 

Schulz, Davis, Watterson:  Creativity vs. Capitalism

 

The final major chapter is a masterclass in how creators negotiate with capitalism. Schulz balances licensing with control. Davis leans into merchandising. Watterson refuses almost everything.

All three want control of their IP. But, they pay different prices. Schulz manages to balance. Davis maximizes. Watterson stays “pure.” Fans interact with comics through merch. That’s a fact. But, how much of your soul you sell along with the lunchbox is the real question.

This chapter shows that there is no perfect solution. Only personal ones.

 

Why We Write

 

The afterword ties it all together. The author writes not because it’s easy, but because life hurts. And stories help. Writing is not just a career. It’s a remedy. For others. And for ourselves.

“Writing is one of the best things we can give someone, especially ourselves.”

After reading this book, that line hits differently. Because now we know what writing costs.

Comics:  The Call and the Cost is not a book about comics as fantasy. It’s a book about comics as work. As risk. As negotiation. As sacrifice. It’s a book every creator--and every reader who thinks comics are “just fun”--should read.

Because behind every beautiful panel, there is a body, a schedule, a contract, a struggle, and a choice.

And that is the real story of comics.

 

 Garcia runs The Comicpreneur, a newsletter and ongoing project focused on entrepreneurship for independent comic creators, helping them think about career sustainability, business mindset, and the economic realities of making comics. 

 

Monday, March 9, 2026

CT Lim interviewed John Lent... in 1993

Lim, Cheng Tju. 1993. Comic Book Confidential: Meet John Lent, who’s giving comics a scholatic (sic) slant. Big O (January): 64-65. Scan online at https://ijoca.blogspot.com/2026/03/ct-lim-interviewed-john-lent-in-1993.html






CT's notes from the interview.

 

Tuesday, March 3, 2026

Comics Research Bibliography 2025 PRINT Edition available in 3 volumes

It's still online for free, but a 3-volume print-on-demand version for libraries and collectors is available at the following URLs. Note that this DOES NOT include the online addenda, and is essentially the online version split into three printed parts.





Recapping from our previous email on this subject:

If you're getting this notice, there's a good chance you're in the new 1800 page annual update of the Bibliography, on its 30th anniversary. We're also commemorating John A. Lent's 90th birth year, since John started the field with his 10 volume set. Tony Rose has been assisting for the past couple of years, and librarian Elizabeth Walker has just joined the team. 

The CRB is a worldwide bibliography of all types of comic art, including comic books, comic strips, caricature, gag cartoons, animation, editorial cartoons, biography, webcomics, political cartoons, history of cartooning, and comics scholarship.

Oue 30th Anniversary Edition has been updated with 3,327 new entries. It's downloadable at https://archive.org/details/crb-2025-ebook and there will be print edition in the coming month.

An addenda of 2000 more pages of unsorted citations is at https://archive.org/details/crb-2025-addendum These citations have been formatted but not yet placed into the CRB. Many of them are from the first online iteration of the CRB, now preserved on the Internet Archive. For our 30th Anniversary and in honor of John Lent's 90th birth year, we are providing these as a resource the first time, since they are searchable by keyword. However, the goal remains to empty this document by placing all the citations into the main bibliography which is online now at Comics Research Bibliography. A version combining both into an almost 4000-page document will be posted later this week (after I create a new cover for it).


While I have your attention, please consider subscribing to the International Journal of Comic Art at http://www.ijoca.net/ . And forward this to anyone you think might be interested.
 

The Lent Comic Art Classification System, 2nd ed. PRINT version now available

It's still online for free, but a print-on-demand version for libraries and collectors is available at https://www.lulu.com/shop/mike-rhode-and-john-a-lent/the-lent-comic-art-classification-system-second-ed/paperback/product-v8wwzpd.html 

Recapping from our previous email on this subject:

Long before the Library of Congress started revamping its cataloguing for comic art, John Lent had devised a system of his own. For his 90th birth year, we've updated the 2016 version and published it online for free with over 900 new terms added at https://archive.org/details/lent-comic-art-classificiation-2nd-ed-final/Lent%20Comic%20Art%20Classificiation%202nd%20ed%20FINAL/

This classification system is derived from John A, Lent's 10-volume set of Comic Art Bibliography with additions and emendations by Mike Rhode published versions of the Comics Research Bibliography.

"In 1986, in preparation for a conference presentation in India, I self-published a 156-page international bibliography on comic art, which I also sent to some libraries and researchers. That led to the compilation of ten volumes of comic art sources, broken down by regions, genres, functions, and other aspects, published by Greenwood Press between 1994 and 2006. As I assembled materials for these bibliographies, I developed categories into which to place sources. The classification system presented in this monograph is the result. The classification system portrayed in these pages is meant to bring some order to filing, categorizing, and discussing comics and cartoons. Actually, the fullest section, on the United States, can be used with minor modifications to organize comic art studies about any country." - John Lent

We're pleased to welcome Lizzy Walker to the team with this new edition, and expect to have annual updates. 

--

Thursday, February 26, 2026

Comics and the Global South open-access book

Comics and the Global South

Methodologies from and within Majority Worlds

Andrea Aramburú (Editor), Dibyadyuti Roy (Editor), Joe Sutliff Sanders (Editor)

Leuven University Press, 2026

online at 



Original comics scholarship offering methodologies developed from the histories, artistic traditions, and socio-political contexts of comics and visual cultures from the Global South.

Comics, graphic novels and webtoons are exploding in popularity across the Global South and Majority World(s). Because most of the critical and methodological tools in English-language comics scholarship come from the Global North, such approaches are often imperfectly designed to illuminate Global South/Global Majority specificities, innovations, and achievements. Comics and the Global South brings together original comics scholarship that offers methodologies crafted within the histories, artistic traditions, and social and political realities of the comics and visual cultures in and from the Global South. The contributions make a major breakthrough in our ability to understand comics of the Global South on their own terms.


Table of Contents (pp. 5-6) OPEN ACCESS

  • Introduction (pp. 7-22)
    Andrea Aramburú, Dibyadyuti Roy and Joe Sutliff Sanders
    OPEN ACCESS

    The year 2024, shortly before this anthology on comics and the Global South went into production, marked an unprecedented moment in global electoral history, with a record-breaking number of voters participating in general elections across 64 nations, surpassing any previous democratic exercise in human history (Ewe 2023). Amongst the dominance of data- and algorithm-driven (mis)information, toxic political debates, and polarising social media discourse during these global exercises of adult franchise, which threatened to eclipse individual and collective agency, there was a decisive re-emergence of visual storytelling, particularly comics, as vital cultural territories of meaning-making. With 70 percent of the top...


  • CHAPTER ONE Hong Kong Comics: A Liminal Space Bridging the Global South and the Global North (pp. 23-44)
    Kin-Wai Chu
    OPEN ACCESS

    Comics, with their rich transcultural history as both an art form, a medium, and a cultural product, reflect and shape the evolving dynamics of culture, politics, and society. Hence, they offer a unique lens to explore complex cross-border interactions. This chapter examines the Global North and South dichotomy through the lens of Hong Kong comics.

    Although the term Global South lacks a single definition, the United Nations uses it to describe less economically developed countries predominantly located in the southern hemisphere, contrasting with the developed nations mainly in the Global North (UNCTD 2018). This term, which replaced "Third World" after...


  • CHAPTER TWO Digital Dreams and Its Discontents: Piracy and Comics in South America (pp. 45-64)
    Amadeo Gandolfo
    OPEN ACCESS

    Piracy is the elephant in the room when discussing comics distribution for large portions of readers living in the Global South. This article seeks to grapple with this topic first by contributing to a discussion on intellectual resource imbalances between North and South. The academic system is inherently unequal between North and South. The most prestigious academic publishing houses are thought to belong to the United States and Europe, premier amongst them university presses. The subscription system for journals is priced in high sums of dollars and euros, particularly difficult to sustain for universities of the South, and impossible for...


  • CHAPTER THREE Working with the Frames: Retellings and Reconstructions in Indian Graphic Narratives (pp. 65-82)
    Amrutha Mohan
    OPEN ACCESS

    A predisposition to visual storytelling has always been part of Asia's cultural and historical legacy. Caricatures have been a continuing presence in the Asian art traditions, and hence the ingredients of comic art were long present in Asia (Lent 2015, 11–12). By citing examples from Japan and India about the art that existed in the continent, Lent further adds that "ancient murals, sculptures, painted scrolls; woodcuts and other drawings and picture books did indeed contain one or more of the elements of cartooning, such as caricature, satire/parody, humour/playfulness, and narrative/sequence" (2015, 10). From engravings found in prehistoric caves to...


  • CHAPTER FOUR Out of the Frame: The Third Space in Indian Graphic Narratives (pp. 83-104)
    Debanjana Nayek
    OPEN ACCESS

    In 1975, The Adventures of Tintin arrived in India as a translated series in a regional magazine of Calcutta, Anandamela. The Bengali translation of Tintin became a cultural phenomenon for generations of comics enthusiasts in the city. The Bengali Tintin is not merely a literal translation of Hergé's work; it has shaped the narrative within the socio-cultural context of Calcutta. In a discussion on regional comics of Bengal, it is observed that the "sophisticated Bengalis regarded gneri-gugli as lowly food that poor people scrounged from riverbanks, giving Haddock's outburst a piquantly Bengali punch while preserving the crustacean flavour of the...


  • CHAPTER FIVE Deconstructing the "Gutter": A Decolonial Study of the Journey from Patachitra to Comics in Famine Tales (pp. 105-124)
    Rounak Gupta and Partha Bhattacharjee
    OPEN ACCESS

    In the remediated graphic representation of Kabir's "I cannot be a devotee when I am hungry," artist Sekhar Mukherjee develops a fold-out fixed inset of the collection (2023, 152–53; Fig. 5.1). This fold-out resembles a three-part horizontal scroll with every part separated by a white border. Instead of making the three parts separate entities to form a sequence, it illustrates a single moment where the poem about dearth and famine finds itself inside the speech balloons. The speech balloon strangely resembles an empty human stomach hinting towards numerous stories of famished conditions we encounter on every page of the...


  • CHAPTER SIX Malungas: A Global South Feminist Epistemology in Comics (pp. 125-142)
    Letícia Simões
    OPEN ACCESS

    In early 2000s, with the rise of left-wing governments, public policies promoting historical reparations led to a significant increase in access to universities and cultural funding for Black and marginalised communities all over Latin America. In Brazil, this political shift diversified the aesthetic landscape of Brazilian culture, foregrounding Afro-Brazilian, Indigenous, and peripheral narratives and visual forms that had long been suppressed. However, with the far-right resurgence in late 2010s, this pluralistic aesthetic was pushed back: symbolic codes favouring whiteness, heteronormativity, and conservative ideals regained dominance in public discourse and cultural production. In Brazilian capitals, specifically in 2013, a popular movement...


  • CHAPTER SEVEN Global South Comics and the Crisis of Postcolonial Masculinity: Case Studies from Bangladesh and India (pp. 143-172)
    Dibyadyuti Roy and Swarnima Banerjee
    OPEN ACCESS

    In the inaugural volume of Ms. Shabash—published on International Women's Day in 2015 by Bangladesh's Mighty Punch Studios—the titular character and superhero alter-ego of journalist Shabnam Sharif successfully thwarts a daring robbery attempt. However, instead of public acclaim, she is unexpectedly besieged with marriage proposals from invasive male fans and seemingly well-intentioned elderly women. As the suspended-in-air Ms. Shabash politely but assertively brushes away these approaches by noting, "I have to get back to my day job," readers are immediately made aware of the normative attitudes and gendered anxieties that attempt to confine postcolonial female agency within restrictive...


  • CHAPTER EIGHT The Upper and Lower Jaws (pp. 173-198)
    Zak Waipara
    OPEN ACCESS

    Rigidly imposed definitions and assumptions have at times framed discussions of what constitutes comics and comics-making in Aotearoa New Zealand and, in so doing, excluded marginalised communities from the conversation. Accepting such views verbatim closes off the potential to expand the art form and recognise the interesting work being done by creators who exist outside narrow definitions.

    Examining the background to comics in New Zealand shows why a lack of bicultural competency might lead to both the co-option of Māori themes, stories, and motifs by non-Māori comic makers and the exclusion of meaningful discourse that links comics and traditional Māori...


  • CHAPTER NINE Towards Indomanga: ONJ Mangaesque Narratives from India (pp. 199-228)
    Ananya Saha
    OPEN ACCESS

    Manga and anime have acquired extensive global visibility in the 21st century. Popular anime titles are streaming on OTT platforms (Netflix, Crunchyroll), and the fandom is participating in enthusiastic digital exchanges. Several manga otakus¹ are not just mere consumers, but active partakers of the creative process. Alvin Toffler coined the portmanteau term "prosumer" in his book The Third Wave (1980), referring to the production by a consumer. The notion has reverberated within the realm of manga fandom. Creatively endowed fans often yield original texts that can be identified as ONJ (Original Non-Japanese) manga. The opus of ONJ includes OEL (Original...


  • CHAPTER TEN Drawing Slavery "With and Against the Archive" in Jesús Cossio's Joaquín Jayme (pp. 229-254)
    Andrea Aramburú
    OPEN ACCESS

    In 2014, Ricardo Caro Cárdenas found in the Presbítero Maestro cemetery in Lima, Perú, the grave of Joaquín Jayme, a freed slave. The grave bore the following inscription: "Born in Africa. Died on September 12, 1870. At 94 years of age" (Arrelucea Barrantes et al. 2016, 42).¹ It was rare for Afro-Peruvian individuals who had been enslaved, even those who had acquired their freedom prior to the abolition of slavery, to be buried with a name and surname in a cemetery. More commonly, the anonymous bodies were deposited in a shared grave. Jayme was possibly amongst the group of Africans...


  • CHAPTER ELEVEN Birthing Beyond Borders: The Role of Comics in Dadaab Refugee Camps (pp. 255-270)
    Caroline Bagelman, Jen Bagelman and Josephine Gitome
    OPEN ACCESS

    Dadaab is host to one of the world's largest and longest-standing refugee camp complexes.¹ Located in north-east Kenya in the Garissa County, the camps were constructed in 1991 as a "temporary" shelter for the thousands of Somali refugees fleeing the civil war, which bears the indelible mark of the region's former colonial powers who imposed boundaries that became the fault lines for conflict. While humanitarian funding for Dadaab has declined, alongside threats of imminent demolition, the camp and its residents—who cannot be repatriated due to ongoing conflict—remain there indefinitely. In this space, women face enduring challenges in maternal...



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